Thermodynamic properties of fluids commonly used in refrigeration. Higher heat transfer coefficient requires smaller area and lower pressure drop. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants r11, r12, r, r14, r22. In the united states, there is a 2017 target date to replace the r4a freon with a newer refrigerant. Pdf experimental evaluation of r410a, r407c and r4a. This refrigerant is not 100% compatible with the lubricants and mineralbased refrigerant currently used in r 12. Complying with the montreal protocol, its manufacture was banned in developed countries nonarticle 5 countries in 1996, and developing countries article 5 countries in 2010 out of concerns about its. The oil and refrigerant should be miscible to assure that the oil is transported out of the refrigeration circuit and not accumulated in the system. It is safe for normal handling as it is nontoxic, nonflammable and noncorrosive. Singlestage vapor compression subcritical process with a single component or azeotropic refrigerant in temperature entropy t,sand pressure enthalpy p,hdiagrams when zeotropic mixtures are used as refrigerants, gliding temperatures influence cycle efficiency as well as system design. Compositions of refrigerant blends significant new.
The refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food stuff. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. R12 dichlorodifluoromethane properties engineering toolbox. Cooling efficiency of each refrigerant 25 table 11. Now available in english, german, spanish, portuguese and italian.
International standard formulation for the thermodynamic properties of 1,1,1. Opteon xp40 r449a has been successfully used in a wide range of commercial refrigeration applications. The phase out of r4a began in 2011 in europe with a total ban due by 2017. Table a12 saturated refrigerant4a pressure table table a superheated refrigerant4a figure a14 ph diagram for refrigerant4a figure a15 nelsonobert generalized compressibility chart table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of. At one point in time it was used for everything including home air conditioning units, automobiles, and refrigerators. Solkane software is designed for calculations involving complex material data and refrigerant circuits. The thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r12 are provided by martinhou equation of state a. In 1994 r12 was phased out and r4a became its substitute. R4a is an hfc hydrofluorcarbons used to replace the chlorinated refrigerant r12.
This refrigerant provides improved performance versus r404a and r507 in new and existing. Compare performance of multiple refrigerants learn the line sizing and many more all for free. A software package for both the computation of thermodynamic properties and the. By the end of the 1980s the first nonchlorinated refrigerant, r4a, was on the market. This makes the equipments compact and reduced the operating cost. A computer software for thermodynamic properties computation. R4a, chemically 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane cf 3 ch 2 f is a nonflammable gas used primarily as a hightemperature refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Refrigerants are used in cooling systems, air conditioners and refrigerators.
The industrial refrigeration consortium is a collaborative effort between the. Dichlorodifluoromethane r 12 is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name freon 12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane cfc used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. Energy consumption and environmental impacts 26 of each refrigerant during operation table 12. Refrigerant properties motor vehicle air conditioning. After download and installation, everyone in the air conditioning and refrigeration industries can calculate saturation. By evaluating the various arbitrary constants required in the equations used within the program, it is possible to estimate the properties of refrigerants r11, r12. Thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated dichlorodifluoromethane cf 2 cl 2 specific volume, enthalpy and entropy. The following tables show the percentage composition of refrigerant blends found acceptable acceptablethis designation means that a substitute may be used, without restriction, to replace the relevant ods within the enduse specified. For full table with entropy and superheated properties rotate the screen. For example, hcfc22 is an acceptable substitute for r502 in industrial process refrigeration. Thermal properties of each refrigerant 32 table 14. The toxicity depends upon the concentration and exposure. This is a free version for promotion of paid version, maxansi piping handbook pro. Specific volume v, specific internal energy u, enthalpy h, and entropy s of saturated and superheated dichlorodifluoromethane cf 2 cl 2 also known as refrigerant 12 r12.
Physical properties of refrigerant metric and standard physical properties of refrigerant metric. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. As a resource called by other software for property data. Freon 12 is the dupont brand name for the chemical dichlorodifluoromethane. Due to its unique properties, freon 12 was particularly suited for this purpose. Dichlorodifluoromethane is an inert gas that has a long history acting as a refrigerant, allowing us to stay cool in the summer, and as a spray propellant for important consumer substances. As of now, free version db library services pipe b36. The refrigerant is a heatcarrying medium which during their cycle i. Software systems corporation refrigerant properties program, j.
R4a is a haloalkane with thermodynamic properties similar to r12. Summary of environmental impacts of each refrigerant 28 table. Simulate your system with the right refrigerant and export the results to excel. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants r11, r12, r, r14, r22, r23, r1. R 12 is a chemical compound known as a refrigerant. Maxansi piping handbook is the piping component dimensions reference guide, for ansi. On the other hand, there may be certain situations in which we cannot allow the refrigerant to come in direct contact with the items being refrigerated, and then the refrigerant used is termed as a secondary refrigerant. Opteon xp40 r449a refrigerant is an environmentally sustainable, nonozone depleting refrigerant offering a low global warming potential gwp. An example of the process operating with zeotropic mixture is given on figure 3. Accurate thermophysical properties are available for several fluids. The traditional cfcs r11, r12, r, r1, r114, and r115. It is now being used as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful r12.
The significant new alternatives policy snap program has approved a number of acceptable alternative refrigerants for motor vehicle air conditioners mvacs, subject to use conditions. Refrigerants physical properties engineering toolbox. Thermophysical properties of fluid systems the nist webbook. It has a whole range of other names, including dichlorodifluoromethane, cfc 12, freon 12, genetron 12 and forane 12. The use of smaller hoses and 30% increase in control pressure regulations also have to be done to the system. Toxicity is the important properties of refrigerants. You can distinguish it as a colorless liquefied gas that. Nist reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties database. Please consult the msds for more comprehensive information, or contact the hc refrigerant products technical support representative. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Specific volume v, specific internal energy u, enthalpy h, and entropy s of saturated and superheated dichlorodifluoromethane cf 2 cl 2 also known as refrigerant 12 r 12. Thermal properties of each refrigerant 24 table 10. Thermodynamic and transport properties of the refrigerant. Exergetic and thermodynamic comparison of r12 and r4a as.
Freon 12 and similar chloroflorocarbons were first recognized as being potentially useful as a replacement for ammonia in refrigeration systems in the early 1900s. Genetron refrigerants modeling software download home resources genetron refrigerants modeling software download i am a please select an occupation contractor wholesaler refrigeration engineer student oem oem aftermarket distributor other required. Chlorofluorocarbon cfc products such as r12 are no longer manufactured but are still used in a variety of systems, and service refrigerant is sometimes still. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 12 r12.
The natural ice and mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. R 12 is used specifically in auto air conditioning and medium and high refrigeration. Refrigerant types, properties, designation, examples. This refrigerant is not 100% compatible with the lubricants and mineralbased refrigerant currently used in r12. It is important for both consumers and technicians to be aware of these alternative refrigerants, their properties, and proper servicing procedures. It was invented by a partnership of dupont and general motors back in the 1920s and was being used as the primary type of refrigerant for home units until the 1950s. Design changes to the condenser and evaporator need to be done to use this refrigerant. For decades, freon refrigerants have been chosen for their performance and safety for all residential and commercial ac, heat pumps, and refrigeration.